Simulating ground water-lake interactions: approaches and insights   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Hunt RJ  Haitjema HM  Krohelski JT  Feinstein DT 《Ground water》2003,41(2):227-237

Approaches for modeling lake-ground water interactions have evolved significantly from early simulations that used fixed lake stages specified as constant head to sophisticated LAK packages for MODFLOW. Although model input can be complex, the LAK package capabilities and output are superior to methods that rely on a fixed lake stage and compare well to other simple methods where lake stage can be calculated. Regardless of the approach, guidelines presented here for model grid size, location of three-dimensional flow, and extent of vertical capture can facilitate the construction of appropriately detailed models that simulate important lake-ground water interactions without adding unnecessary complexity. In addition to MODFLOW approaches, lake simulation has been formulated in terms of analytic elements. The analytic element lake package had acceptable agreement with a published LAKI problem, even though there were differences in the total lake conductance and number of layers used in the two models. The grid size used in the original LAKI problem, however, violated a grid size guideline presented in this paper. Grid sensitivity analyses demonstrated that an appreciable discrepancy in the distribution of stream and lake flux was related to the large grid size used in the original LAKI problem. This artifact is expected regardless of MODFLOW LAK package used. When the grid size was reduced, a finite-difference formulation approached the analytic element results. These insights and guidelines can help ensure that the proper lake simulation tool is being selected and applied.  相似文献   

Photobleaching of humic rich dissolved organic matter   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

Thomas?Brinkmann  Daniel?Sartorius  Fritz?H.?FrimmelEmail author 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2003,65(4):415-424

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Are steroids really the cause for fish feminization? A mini-review of in vitro and in vivo guided TIEs   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Schlenk D 《Marine pollution bulletin》2008,57(6-12):250-254

Feminization of fish has been reported throughout the world in freshwater and marine systems. While the population impacts are conflictive, enough negative effects warrant additional research into causation. In order to ascertain the identities of specific feminizing agents, variants of toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs) have been employed. The majority of these evaluations have utilized in vitro estrogen receptor-based cell-lines to identify chromatographic fractions that possess biological activity from predominately wastewater derived from municipal treatment facilities and have concluded that synthetic and natural estrogens are the primary cause for feminization of fish. This paper will focus on three aquatic systems impacted by wastewater originating from purely domestic, and industrial/domestic secondary treatment systems. Wastewater and sediment extracts were evaluated by in vitro and in vivo biological responses in a TIE fractionation design. While in vitro responses tended to mirror in vivo responses in purely domestic wastewater systems, in vitro responses tended to severely underestimate in vivo estrogenic activity when normalized to estradiol equivalents in more complex systems. TIE fractionation schemes using in vivo biological responses failed to indicate any relationship to steroids in either wastewater or sediment extractions. These data consistently support the view that mechanisms other than direct ER binding and activation by toxicants may be important in the feminization of fish particularly residing in habitats that receive complex wastewater or agricultural effluents.  相似文献   

The Alpine-Carpathian-Dinaridic orogenic system: correlation and evolution of tectonic units   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

Stefan M. Schmid  Daniel Bernoulli  Bernhard Fügenschuh  Liviu Matenco  Senecio Schefer  Ralf Schuster  Matthias Tischler  Kamil Ustaszewski 《Swiss Journal of Geoscience》2008,101(1):139-183

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Recent Fluvial, Volcanic, and Tectonic Activity on the Cerberus Plains of Mars     

Daniel C. BermanWilliam K. Hartmann 《Icarus》2002,159(1):1-17

Athabasca and Marte Valles lie on the Cerberus plains, between the young, lava-covered plains of Elysium Planitia and Amazonis Planitia. To test pre-MGS (Mars Global Surveyor) suggestions of extremely young volcanic and fluvial activity, we present the first crater counts from MGS imagery, at resolutions (∼2-20 m/pixel) much higher than previously available. The most striking result, based on morphologic relations as well as crater counts from different stratigraphic units, is to confirm quantitatively that these channel systems are much younger than most other major outflow channels. The general region has an average model age for lava and fluvial surfaces of ≤200 Myr, and has possibly seen localized water releases, interspersed with lava flows, within the past 20 Myr. The youngest lavas may be no more than a few megayears old. Access of lava and liquid brines to the surface may be favored by openings of the Cerberus Fossae fracture system, but, as shown in the new images, the fractures appear to have continued developing more recently than the most recent lavas or fluvial activity. The Cerberus Fossae system may be an analog to an early stage of Valles Marineris, and its youthful activity raises questions about regional tectonic history. Large-volume water delivery to the surface of young lava flows in recent martian history puts significant boundary conditions on the storage and history of water on Mars.  相似文献   

An Evolutionary Turbulent Model of Saturn's Subnebula: Implications for the Origin of the Atmosphere of Titan     

Olivier Mousis  Daniel GautierDominique Bockelée-Morvan 《Icarus》2002,156(1):162-175

We have elaborated an evolutionary turbulent model of the subnebula of Saturn derived from that of Dubrulle (1993, Icarus106, 59-76) for the solar nebula, which is valid for a geometrically thin disk. We demonstrate that if carbon and nitrogen were in the form of CO and N₂, respectively, in the early subnebula, these molecules were not subsequently converted into CH₄ and NH₃ during the evolution of the disk, contrary to the current scenario initially proposed by Prinn and Fegley (1981, Astrophys. J., 249, 308-317). However, if the early subnebula contained some CH₄ and NH₃, these gases were not subsequently converted into CO and N₂. We argue that Titan must have been formed from planetesimals migrating from the outer part of the subnebula to the present orbit of the satellite. These planetesimals were relics of those embedded in the feeding zone of Saturn prior to the completion of the planet and contained hydrates of NH₃ and clathrate hydrates of CH₄. It is shown that, for plausible abundances of CH₄ and NH₃ in the solar nebula at 10 AU, the masses of methane and nitrogen trapped in Titan were higher than the estimate of masses of these components in the primitive atmosphere of the satellite. If our scenario is valid and if our turbulent model properly describes the structure and the evolution of the actual subnebula of Saturn, the Xe/C ratio should be six times higher in Titan's atmosphere today than in the Sun, while the current scenario would probably result in a quasi solar Xe/C ratio. The mass spectrometer and gas chromatograph instrument aboard the Huygens Titan probe of the Cassini mission has the capability of measuring this ratio in 2004, thus permitting us to discriminate between the current scenario and the one proposed in this report.  相似文献   

Lateritic concentrations of manganese oxyhydroxides and oxides     

Daniel Nahon  Sylvie Parc 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1990,79(2):319-326

Latentes result from the weathering of a variety of rocks under humid tropical conditions. When developed at the expenses of Mn²⁺-bearing parent rocks, laterite consists of a thick mantle made up of manganese oxides and hydroxides. Two main examples are described from tropical Africa. The first example displays a lateritic profile on metamorphic rock; the second example deals with lateritic profiles developed on a Precambrian sedimentary rock. From the base to the top of the studied profiles, different Mn hydroxide and oxide sequences have differentiated. Their composition depends on (i) the constitutive parent minerals with vary ing weathering rates, (ii) the intensity of weathering which progresses towards the profile top permitting pseudomorphic replacement of Mn⁴⁺ oxides for early formed Mn³⁺ hydroxides. Most of the manganese ore result from a relative accumulation. However, Mn can also be mobilized in different places of weathering profiles leading to accumulations in other places, mainly at the base of weathering profiles. That absolute accumulation can occur in non-Mn-bearing weathering horizons (kaolinitic horizons) to form Mn nodules in which kaolinite is dissolved. This process provides Al which combines to Mn³⁺ forming Al-Mn hydroxides (lithiophorite).From these petrographical observations, stability field diagrams are proposed to explain the general evolution of Mn components under chemical lateritic conditions. These diagrams illustrate interactions between ions and manganese species.

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Zusammenfassung Latente entstehen durch Verwitterung verschiedener Gesteine in tropisch-feuchten Klimaten. Bildet sich Laterit aus Mn²⁺-führenden Ausgangsgestein, so besteht er aus einer dicken Schicht von Mangan-Oxiden und -Hydroxiden. Hier sollen zwei Beispiele aus tropischen Regionen Afrikas beschrieben werden:Das erste Beispiel ist ein Lateritprofil, daß das Hangende von Metamorphiten bildet; das zweite Laterite, die sich auf einem präkambrischen Sedimentgestein entwickelt haben. Von der Basis bis zu dem Top der jeweiligen Profile haben sich unterschiedliche Mangan-Hydroxid und -Oxid-Sequenzen herausgebildet. Die Zusammensetzung hängt ab von:(i) Den wesentlichen Ausgangsmineralien unter wechselnden Verwitterungspenoden und (ii) der Verwitterungsintensität, die zum Top des Profils zunimmt und damit die pseudomorphe Substitution von Mn³⁺-Hydroxiden zu Mn⁴⁺-Oxiden ermöglicht. Der Hauptanteil der Manganlagerstätte resultiert aus einer relativen Anreicherung. Allerdings kann Mn auch in verschiedenen Teilen des Verwitterungsprofiles mobilisiert werden, was zu einer Anreicherung in anderen Bereichen führt und zwar hauptsächlich an der Basis eines Profiles. Diese absolute Anreicherung kann in Mangan-freien Verwitterungshorizonten (Kaolinithorizonte) zur Bildung von Mangankonkretionen führen, in denen Kaolinit gelöst wird. Bei diesem Vorgang wird Al frei, das sich mit Mn³⁺ verbindet, um Al-Mn-Hydroxide (Lithiophorite) zu bilden.Mit Hilfe dieser petrographischen Beobachtungen werden Stabilitäts-Diagramme erstellt, die die allgemeine Entwicklung der Mn-Komponenten unter lateritischen Bedingungen zu erklären versuchen. Diese Diagramme erleutern die zwischen Ionen und Mangan stattfindenen Reaktionen.

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Résumé Les latérites résultent de l'altération chimique de roches de types variés, sous conditions tropicales humides. Les latérites se développent sur roches-mères à minéraux manganésifères à Mn²⁺ sous forme de cuirasses épaisses constituées d'oxydes et d'hydroxydes de manganèse. Deux exemples d'Afrique tropicale sont étudiés. Le premier exemple montre un profil d'altération latéritique développé sur roche métamorphique; le deuxième exemple traite de profils latéritiques développés sur une roche sédimentaire précambrienne. De la base vers le sommet des profils étudiés, se différencient des séquences d'oxydes et hydroxydes de manganèse. Elles sont fonction (1) des minéraux primaires dont les vitesses d'altération varient d'une phase à une autre, (2) de l'intensité de l'altération qui est d'autant plus forte que l'on monte dans le profil et qui permet le remplacement pseudomorphique d'hydroxydes à Mn³⁺ formés précocement par des oxydes à Mn⁴⁺. La plupart des gisements de manganèse résultent d'une accumulation relative; cependant, Mn peut être mobile à différents niveaux dans les profils d'altération et s'accumuler de manière absolue à d'autres, et en particulier à la base des profils. Cette accumulation absolue peut se produire dans des horizons non manganésifères (horizons kaolinitiques) et former des nodules de manganèse dans lesquels la kaolinite est dissoute libérant de l'aluminium qui se combine avec Mn³⁺ pour former un hydroxyde alumineux et manganésifère: la lithiophorite.A partir de ces observations pétrographiques, et après les avoir comparées avec celles d'autres gisements africains et brésiliens, des diagrammes de champs de stabilité sont proposés pour expliquer l'évolution générale des phases manganésifères sous conditions d'altération latéritique. Ces diagrammes illustrent les interactions entre ions en solution et minéraux manganésifères.

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Sm−Nd dating of multiple garnet growth events in an arc-continent collision zone,northwestern U.S. Cordillera     

Stephen R. Getty  Jane Selverstone  Brian P. Wernicke  Stein B. Jacobsen  Elaine Aliberti  Daniel R. Lux 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1993,115(1):45-57

Integrated petrologic and Sm–Nd isotopic studies in garnet amphibolites along the Salmon River suture zone, western Idaho, delineate two periods of amphibolite grade metamorphism separated by at least 16 million years. In one amphibolite,P–T studies indicate a single stage of metamorphism with final equilibration at 600°C and 8–9 kbar. The Sm–Nd isotopic compositions of plagioclase, apatite, hornblende, and garnet define a precise, 8-point isochron of 128±3 Ma (MSWD=1.2) interpreted as mineral growth at the metamorphic peak. A⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar age for this hornblende indicates cooling through 525°C at 119±2 Ma. In a nearby amphibolite, garnets with a two-stage growth history consist of inclusion-rich cores surrounded by discontinuous, inclusion-free overgrowths. Temporal constraints for core and overgrowth development were derived from Sm–Nd garnet — whole rock pairs in which the garnet fractions consist of varying proportions of inclusion-free to inclusion-bearing fragments. Three garnet fractions with apparent ages of 144, 141, and 136 Ma are thought to represent mixtures between late Jurassic (pre-144 Ma) inherited radiogenic components preserved within garnet cores and early Cretaceous (128 Ma) garnet overgrowths. These observations confirm the resilience of garnet to diffusive exchange of trace elements during polymetamorphism at amphibolite facies conditions. Our geochronologic results show that metamorphism of arc-derived rocks in western Idaho was episodic and significantly older than in arc rocks along the eastern margin of the Wrangellian Superterrane in British Columbia and Alaska. The pre-144 Ma event may be an expression of the late Jurassic amalgamation of marginal oceanic arc-related terranes (e.g., Olds Ferry, Baker, Wallowa) during the initial phases of their collision with North American rocks. Peak metamorphism at 128 Ma reflects tectonic burial along the leading edge of the Wallowa arc terrane during its final penetration and suturing to cratonic North America.  相似文献   

The role of sediments in the phosphorus cycle in Lake Lugano. II. Seasonal and spatial variability of microbiological processes at the sediment-water interface   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Maja A. Lazzaretti  Kurt W. Hanselmann  Helmut Brandl  Daniel Span  Reinhard Bachofen 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1992,54(3-4):285-299

P, Fe, Mn, and S species were analyzed in water samples from the sediment-water interface collected at four seasonally different times during the course of a year at two sampling sites in the southern basin of Lake Lugano (Lago di Lugano). The results reveal the strong influence of the biogeochemical processes in the sediment on the chemical composition of the lake water above. Consumption of oxygen and nitrate under oxic to microoxic conditions in the water column as well as sequential release of reduced manganese and iron under anoxic conditions was observed as a direct or indirect consequence of microbially mediated degradation of organic matter. The seasonal pattern observed for the release and the retainment of dissolved reduced iron and manganese correlates well with the one for dissolved phosphate. Iron, manganese and phosphorus cycling are coupled tightly in these sediments. Both sediment types act as sinks for hydrogen sulfide and sulfate. An inner-sedimentary sulfur cycle is proposed to couple iron, manganese and phosphorus cycling with the degradation of organic matter. Nutrient cycling at the sediment-water interface might thus be driven by a microbially regulated electron pumping mechanism. The results contribute to a better understanding of the role of sediment processes in the lake's internal phosphorus cycle and its seasonal dynamics.  相似文献   

Clay mineral assemblages of Mesozoic pelagic and flysch sediments of the Lombardian Basin (Southern Alps): implications for palaeotectonics,palaeoclimate and diagenesis     

Jean -François Deconinck  Daniel Bernoulli 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1991,80(1):1-17

Clay mineral assemblages determined by X-ray diffraction, in the Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous hemipelagic/pelagic sediments and in the Upper Cretaceous flysch sequences of the Lombardian Basin (Southern Alps) record tectonic and possibly climatic changes in the source areas and to a lesser extent, alterations during burial diagenesis.In the hemipelagic/pelagic sediments exposed in the Breggia valley in southern Switzerland, the clay fraction is dominated by illite and smectite and seems not to be altered much by burial diagenesis. The varied clay mineral assemblages of the Liassic sediments result from intense erosion of emergent source areas exposed during early rifting phases. A distinction between smectite-rich limestones and illite-rich marls in these syn-rift to early post-rift sediments could reflect short-term climatic fluctuations or, alternatively, a preferential replacement of smectite by illite during incipient burial diagenesis in the marls. The predominantly smectitic composition of the clay fraction in the upper Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous sediments documents gentle erosion of smectite-rich soils developing under a warm and seasonally humid climate on a relatively stable distant source area.In the Aptian, an increase in illite in the clay fraction of the hemipelagic Scaglia Lombarda Group points to an increased detrital influx from emergent source areas. This influx is related to the onset of orogenic movements along the Austroalpine/South Pennine active margin, resulting in Middle Cretaceous flysch sedimentation in the Austroalpine realm.Increasing influx from emergent continental crust is reflected by the high amounts of illite and chlorite in the Upper Cretaceous flysch sequences of the eastern Brianza area. However, the high amounts of chlorite in limestone turbidites in the lower part of the flysch sequence (Pontida Formation, Turonian) suggest transformation of smectite to chlorite under conditions of burial diagenesis. In the younger flysch deposits (Bergamo Flysch, Upper Santonian-Campanian) detrital clay minerals are preserved. The occurrence of kaolinite and smectite beside illite and minor chlorite suggests intense weathering and less relief during deposition of the Bergamo Flysch.

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Zusammenfassung Röntgendiffraktometrisch bestimmte Tonmineral-Assoziationen in den jurassisch-unterkretazischen hemipelagischen und pelagischen Sedimenten sowie in den Oberkreide-Flyschen des Lombardischen Beckens der Südalpen erlauben wichtige Rückschlüsse über tektonische und eventuell klimatische Änderungen in den Liefergebieten sowie, in etwas geringerem Maße, über Veränderungen während der Uberlagerungs-Diagenese.Die vorwiegend illitisch-smektitische Tonfraktion der hemipelagisch/pelagischen Sedimente der Breggia-Schlucht (Tessin, Süd-Schweiz) scheint wenig verändert durch die Überlagerungs-Diagenese. Die stark variable Zusammensetzung der Tonfraktion der liassischen Sedimente deutet auf eine intensive Erosion der während des frühen Riftings herausgehobenen Liefergebiete. Eine Differenzierung zwischen Smektit-reichen Kalken und Illitreichen Mergeln in den syn- und frühen post-rift-Sedimenten des Lias deutet auf kurzfristige klimatische Fluktuationen (Milankovitch-Zyklen) oder auf einen Ersatz von Smektit durch Illit während der beginnenden Überlagerungs-Diagenese in den Mergeln. Die hauptsächlich smektitische Zusammensetzung der Tonfraktion in den mittel-jurassischen bis unter-kretazischen Sedimenten weist auf eine weniger intensive Erosion Smektit-reicher Böden in relativ stabilen, weit entfernten Liefergebieten mit einem warmen und saisonal humiden Klima.Eine deutliche Zunahme der Sedimentationsraten und des Illits in der Tonfraktion der hemipelagischen Scaglia Lombarda belegt einen zunehmenden detritischen Einfluß vom Aptian an. Dieser detritische Einfluß läßt sich mit dem Einsetzen orogener Heraushebung längs des aktiven Kontinentalrandes an der Süd-Penninikum/Ostalpin-Grenze in Verbindung bringen, da er mit Flysch-Ablagerungen in Süd-Penninikum und Ostalpin zeitlich zusammenfällt.Eine zunehmend detritische Schüttung aus kontinentalen kristallinen Liefergebieten läßt sich in den Illit- und Chlorit-reichen Tonmineral-Assoziationen der Oberkreide-Flysche der östlichen Brianza (Provinz Como, Nord-Italien) erkennen. Die hohen Chlorit-Konzentrationen in Kalk-Turbiditen im unteren Teil der Flysch-Abfolge (Pontida-Formation, Turonian) lassen hingegen eher eine diagenetische Umwandlung von Smektit in Chlorit vermuten. In den jüngeren Flysch-Ablagerungen (Bergamo-Flysch, Oberes Santonian bis Campanian) läßt sich die ursprüngliche detritische Tonmineral-Vergesellschaftung noch erkennen. In dieser Formation deutet das Vorkommen von Kaolinit und Smektit neben Illit und wenig Chlorit auf eine intensive Verwitterung und ein kleineres Relief im Hinterland.

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Résumé Les minéraux argileux des formations jurassiques et crétacées du Bassin Lombard (Alpes méridionales) sont étudiés par diffraction des rayons X. Les variations des cortèges argileux des sédiments pélagiques et des flyschs du Crétacé supérieur résultent de modifications tectoniques, climatiques et dans une moindre mesure d'évolutions diagénétiques liées à l'enfouissement.L'illite et la smectite dominent très largement les assemblages minéralogiques dans les sédiments pélagiques et hémipélagiques étudiés dans les gorges de la Breggia (Tessin, Suisse méridionale). L'influence de la diagenèse d'enfouissement paraît modérée et les assemblages argileux très diversifiés des formations liasiques reflètent une érosion active des zones continentales au début du rifting. Dans les formations syn-rift alternantes calcaire-marne, la fraction argileuse des marnes est systématiquement enrichie en illite par rapport à celle des calcaires. Ces relations entre minéralogie des argiles et lithologie résultent soit de fluctuations climatiques, soit d'une illitisation préférentielle des smectites dans les intervalles marneux.A partir du Jurassique moyen et supérieur et jusqu'au Barrémien inclus, la fraction argileuse des sédiments est très smectitique. Elle reflète l'érosion superficielle de sols riches en smectites développés sous climat chaud à humidité saisonnière contrastée sur des domaines continentaux aplanis et probablement très éloignés. A l'Aptien, les apports illitiques importants traduisent, le long de la marge active Austroalpine/Sud Pennique, le début de mouvements orogéniques responsables du dépôt des flyschs dans le domaine Austro-alpin.Dans les faciès flysch du Crétacé supérieur de la Brianza orientale, les apports d'illites et de chlorites s'accordent avec l'augmentation de l'érosion sur les domaines continentaux. Cependant, l'influence d'une diagenèse d'enfouissement est attestée en particulier par les très fortes proportions de chlorites présentes dans les turbidites calcaires (Pontida formation, Turonien). Dans les dépôts de flysch plus récents (Bergamo flysch, Santonien-Campanien), les minéraux argileux détritiques sont mieux préservés. La présence systématique de kaolinite et de smectite suggère le développement d'une altération continentale importante sur des reliefs moins marqués par rapport aux périodes plus anciennes du Crétacé supérieur.

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